The article deals with the issue of modern challenges in the development of the fuel and energy complex, including the oil and gas industry as its basis in terms of the volume of tax revenues to the budget. Industry technological priorities have been identified: the creation of domestic equipment and technologies for the traditional upstream fuel and energy complex, digital transformation and the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, the development of technological competencies in key areas of energy transition, and the development of technologies in terms of ecology and industrial safety. The world experience of supporting the development of scientific research in industry is analyzed on the example of the USA, Norway and China. An analysis of the challenges of the institutional development of the fuel and energy complex at all stages from research to serial production is presented. The covenants of the state in the field of developing human resources for the implementation of the energy transition of the domestic fuel and energy complex, independent of external circumstances, have been determined. Proceeding from the analysis of internal barriers and successful international practices, proposals were made for the development of state technology policy. The National Program of the Russian Federation formulates directions for the development of the industry in the medium term. The technological development of the Russian Federation in the medium term will be influenced, on the one hand, by a number of external and internal threats of technological backwardness and degradation of the Russian economy, and on the other, by emerging new opportunities. Russia has a serious scientific and technical foundation in the field of hydrogen energy, scientific and technical personnel, operating facilities in the hydrogen industry, intellectual property, standard base, design and operational documentation, experience in creating the world's largest hydrogen filling station for launch vehicles and spacecraft ("Energy- Buran") guarantee the successful completion of assigned tasks in the medium term. Huge reserves of biomass, hydro resources, wind resources, geothermal resources, wave energy of the seas and oceans, solar energy provide enormous opportunities for the export of hydrogen to all interested countries, as well as the widespread use of hydrogen in the national economy, primarily for converting aviation to environmentally friendly fuel and preserving the environment megacities and large urban agglomerations.